Afghan Stamps
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia and South Asia.[8][9] It has a population of around 30 million inhabiting an area of approximately 652,000 km2 (252,000 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world.
It is bordered by Pakistan and India in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, ,Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, lithium, uranium, rare earth elements, chromite, gold, zinc, talc, barites, sulfur, lead,marble, precious and semi-precious stones, natural gas, and petroleum among other things.[53][54] In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the US Geological Survey are worth between $900 billion and $3 trillion.[55][56][57]
The name Afghānistān 8] means "Land of the Afghans",[29] which originates from the ethnonym "Afghan".
Locomotive FS 625
The locomotive steam group FS 625 steam engines are designed to use mixed freight / passenger steep lines, produced on behalf of the State Railways at the beginning of the twentieth century . Were nicknamed Signorine, for the graceful line and compact size, in addition to the fact that the inclusion in the curve "sculettassero".
It is an evolution of the 600 Group , a highly regarded vehicle for very short drive up to the flexibility and innovation of Italian basket , which was used to reduce the damage to the armament of the curve in line with the ability to rotate and translate laterally 40 mm.
Entered service in 1910, the first in 1914 and the outbreak of the First World War were produced in 108 copies, marked with serial numbers from 62501 to 62,608 seconds the numbering scheme of the time.
A Moretta in the province of Cuneo at the railway station of the old disused railway "Airasca - Moretta" is seen in a state of total abandonment of the 625 027.
In 2008 Leander provided motive power for the Scarborough Spa Express heritage service. She also spent October at the Great Central Railway "Steam Railway" gala, alongside BR Standard 7 "Britannia" Class, No.70013 "Oliver Cromwell" and LNER Peppercorn A1 No.60163 "Tornado".
After being withdrawn in 1964, Leander was sold to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales. Rescued by Brian Oliver in May 1972, she was restored by the Leander Locomotive Society at Derby and later kept at the Dinting Railway Museum, Glossop. After later purchase by and running on the Severn Valley Railway, she was sold to Dr Peter Beet, and restored to running condition on the East Lancashire Railway. She is still owned today by the Beet family,[1] and operated by the West Coast Railway Company from their Carnforth base.
The Black Fives were a mixed traffic locomotive, a "do-anything go-anywhere" type, designed by Stanier, who had previously been with the GWR. In his early LMS days, he designed his Stanier Mogul 2-6-0 in which he experimented with the GWR school of thought on locomotive design. A number of details in this design he would never use again realising the superiority of details not used on the GWR. Stanier realised that there was a need for larger locomotives. These were to be the LMS's version of the GWR Halls but not a copy, as the Hall was too wide to run most places in Britain. They shared similar cylinder arrangement (two outside), internal boiler design and size and 6 foot driving wheel diameters.
From early 1947, engines were built with the top feed on the front ring of the boiler (from no. 4998), and Nos 44658-767 had a longer wheelbase (27 ft 6in rather than 27 ft 2in, with the change in the coupled wheelbase from 7 ft + 8 ft to 7 ft + 8 ft 3in). In 1948, George Ivatt introduced more modifications to bearings and valve gear. 4767 was built with Stephenson link motion in 1947. 44738-57 were built with Caprotti valve gear. The last two, nos. 44686 and 44687 built at Horwich in 1951, were fitted with a new arrangement of Caprotti valve gear, which was later used on some of the BR standard Class fives, and the BR class 8 4-6-2.
It is an evolution of the 600 Group , a highly regarded vehicle for very short drive up to the flexibility and innovation of Italian basket , which was used to reduce the damage to the armament of the curve in line with the ability to rotate and translate laterally 40 mm.
Entered service in 1910, the first in 1914 and the outbreak of the First World War were produced in 108 copies, marked with serial numbers from 62501 to 62,608 seconds the numbering scheme of the time.
A Moretta in the province of Cuneo at the railway station of the old disused railway "Airasca - Moretta" is seen in a state of total abandonment of the 625 027.
LMS 5690 Leander 2-3-0
5690 was built at Crewe in March 1936 and named Leander after HMS Leander, which in turn was named after the Greek hero Leander. After nationalisation in 1948, she was renumbered 45690 by British Railways, and based at the former LMS engine shed at Bristol (Barrow Road).
In 2008 Leander provided motive power for the Scarborough Spa Express heritage service. She also spent October at the Great Central Railway "Steam Railway" gala, alongside BR Standard 7 "Britannia" Class, No.70013 "Oliver Cromwell" and LNER Peppercorn A1 No.60163 "Tornado".
After being withdrawn in 1964, Leander was sold to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales. Rescued by Brian Oliver in May 1972, she was restored by the Leander Locomotive Society at Derby and later kept at the Dinting Railway Museum, Glossop. After later purchase by and running on the Severn Valley Railway, she was sold to Dr Peter Beet, and restored to running condition on the East Lancashire Railway. She is still owned today by the Beet family,[1] and operated by the West Coast Railway Company from their Carnforth base.
Black Five 2-3-0 du LMS
The London Midland and Scottish Railway's Class 5 4-6-0, almost universally known as the Black Five, is a class of steam locomotive. It was introduced by William Stanier in 1934 and 842 were built between then and 1951. Members of the class survived to the last day of steam on British Railways in 1968, and eighteen are preserved. This class of locomotive was often a favourite amongst drivers and railway fans.The Black Fives were a mixed traffic locomotive, a "do-anything go-anywhere" type, designed by Stanier, who had previously been with the GWR. In his early LMS days, he designed his Stanier Mogul 2-6-0 in which he experimented with the GWR school of thought on locomotive design. A number of details in this design he would never use again realising the superiority of details not used on the GWR. Stanier realised that there was a need for larger locomotives. These were to be the LMS's version of the GWR Halls but not a copy, as the Hall was too wide to run most places in Britain. They shared similar cylinder arrangement (two outside), internal boiler design and size and 6 foot driving wheel diameters.
From early 1947, engines were built with the top feed on the front ring of the boiler (from no. 4998), and Nos 44658-767 had a longer wheelbase (27 ft 6in rather than 27 ft 2in, with the change in the coupled wheelbase from 7 ft + 8 ft to 7 ft + 8 ft 3in). In 1948, George Ivatt introduced more modifications to bearings and valve gear. 4767 was built with Stephenson link motion in 1947. 44738-57 were built with Caprotti valve gear. The last two, nos. 44686 and 44687 built at Horwich in 1951, were fitted with a new arrangement of Caprotti valve gear, which was later used on some of the BR standard Class fives, and the BR class 8 4-6-2.
Pleurotus Spodoleucus
Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, P. ostreatus. Species of Pleurotusmay be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world.[1]Pleurotus fungi have been used in mycoremediation of pollutants such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.[2][3]
Pleurotus means "side ear", from Greek πλευρή (pleurē), "side"[4] + ὠτός (ōtos), genitive of οὖς (ous), "ears."
The spores are smooth and elongated (described as "cylindrical"). Where hyphae meet, they are joined by clamp connections. Pleurotus is not considered to be a bracket fungus, and most of the species are monomitic (with a soft consistency). However, remarkably, Pleurotus dryinus can sometimes be dimitic, meaning that it has additional skeletal hyphae, which give it a tougher consistency like bracket fungi.[7]
More recently, molecular phylogenetics has been utilized to determine genetic and evolutionary relationships between groups within the genus, delineating discrete clades.[13][14][15] Pleurotus, along with the closely related genus Hohenbuehelia, has been shown to bemonophyletic.[10] Tests of cross-breeding viability between groups have been used to further define which groups are deserving of speciesrank, as opposed to subspecies, variety, or synonymy. If two groups of morphologically distinct Pleurotus fungi are able to cross-breed and produce fertile offspring, they meet one definition of species. These reproductively discrete groups, referred to as intersterility groups, have begun to be defined in Pleurotus.[14][16] Many binomial names used in literature are now being grouped together as species complexesusing this technique, and may change.
Tricholoma Saponaceum
Tricholoma saponaceum, also known as the soap-scented toadstool, soapy knight or soap tricholoma is an inedible mushroom found in woodlands in Europe and North America.
Tricholoma saponaceum has a convex cap with a vague umbo up to 9 or 10 cm (4 or 4 in) across, which flattens with age. The colour is highly variable, with greyish, greenish, olive, yellowish and brownish shades reported. The cap is paler at the margin and fades with age. The widely spaced gills are adnexed and whitish, although may be tinted pale green and bruise pink. The stipe lacks a ring and can be swollen in its midriff, and measures 4–11 cm (1.6–4.3 in) tall by 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide. A key distinguishing feature in the western United States is an orange-pink colour at the stipe's base. The spore print is white, and the oval smooth spores measure 5–6 × 3–4 μm.[2] The odour is distinctive and has been likened to newly-scrubbed floors or soap.[3]
Its gills may lead it to being confused with Hygrophorus species.[2]
Tricholoma saponaceum is a terrestrial mushroom found in Europe and North America. It is abundant in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains.[2] It is found in coniferous and deciduous woodlands (more commonly the former in North America) from late summer to late autumn. Spruce, live oak, tanoak, and madrone are species it can be associated with in the western United States.[2] It is associated with oak in Central and southern Europe.[3]
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